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You have selected free tutorial of the Microsoft Corporation for the Microsoft Technology Associate (MTA) :
98-349: MTA: Windows Operating System Fundamentals : Module 5: Managing Devices :
Understanding Storage
Microsoft Help:-
A disk must be formatted with a file system
that allows it to work with the operating
system to store, manage, and access data.
Two of the most common file systems are
FAT (or FAT32, which is an improvement on
FAT technology) and NTFS. Disks on DOS,
Windows 3.1, or Windows 98/Me computers
use the FAT file system, while disks on computers
running Windows NT 4.0, Windows
2000, Windows XP and later can use either
the NTFS or FAT system. NTFS is a newer file
system that improves on some of the shortcomings
of FAT disks that make them less
desirable on a network. NTFS is the preferred
file system for Windows 7.
There are important differences between FAT
and NTFS file systems:
FAT
When you format a disk with the FAT file
system, a formatting program divides the disk
into storage compartments. First it creates a
series of rings, called tracks, around the circumference
of the disk. Then it divides the
tracks into equal parts, like pieces of a pie, to
form sectors. The number of sectors and
tracks depends on the size of the disk.
Although the physical surface of a disk is
made of tracks and sectors, a file is stored in
clusters. A cluster, also called an allocation
unit, is one or more sectors of storage space.
It represents the minimum amount of space
that an operating system reserves when saving
the contents of a file to a disk. Thus, a file
might be stored in more than one cluster.
Each cluster is identified by a unique number.
The first two clusters are reserved by the
operating system. The operating system maintains
a file allocation table (or FAT) on each
disk that lists the clusters on the disk and
records the status of each cluster, whether it
is occupied (and by which file), available, or
defective. Each cluster in a file "remembers"
its order in the chain of clusters—and each
cluster points to the next one until the last
cluster, which marks the end of the file. The
FAT and FAT32 formats provide compatibility
with other operating systems on your computer,
which means you can configure your
computer for a dual-boot or multi-boot setup
and you can backup a previous operating
system.
exFAT
The exFAT file system is the next generation
file system in the FAT (FAT12/16, FAT32) family.
While retaining the simplicity advantages
of FAT32, exFAT overcomes FAT32's 4 GB file
size limit and scales up past FAT32's 32 GB
formatter limit. This means you can copy files
greater than 4 GB in size to an exFAT file system
and format removable storage (Flash or
hard disk) greater than 32 GB in capacity. In
addition, exFAT is designed to enable cross
operating system and cross-device (such as
cameras and phones) interoperation, which
will be possible as manufacturers build support
for exFAT into their devices.
NTFS
NTFS features a built-in security system that
does not allow users to access the disk unless
they have a user account and password with
the necessary rights and permissions. NTFS
protects disks from damage by automatically
redirecting data from a bad sector to a good
sector without requiring you to run a diskchecking
utility. Given the reliability and the
built-in repair mechanisms of NTFS disks,
only rarely do they require maintenance. This
is an example of fault tolerance, the ability of
a disk to resist damage, which is a critical
issue with disks on a network computer.
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